Alawites
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Their poems shape Turkish culture up to now, and are also performed by modern artists. The division also intended to protect the Alawite people from more-powerful majorities, such as the Sunnis. There was also a drive-by shooting of Alevis in Istanbul's Gazi neighborhood in 1995 which resulted in the death of some Alevis.
Sunna and Hadith were Arab elite innovations, created to ensure Arab dominance of Islam and to enslave the masses through manipulation. However, since the early 2000s, scholarship on the Alawite religion has made significant advances. The goal of spiritual life is to follow this path in the reverse direction, to unity with God, or Reality, Truth. This system apparently originated with.
AleWi - Until the 1960s, they were bound to Sunni aghas landholders around Antakya and were poor.
The -named Alawites revere Ali ibn Abi Talibconsidered the of the Twelver. However, they are generally considered to be by Shia Islam. The group is believed to have been founded by during the 9th century and fully established as a religion. Today, according toAlawites represent 17. There is also a population living in the village of in the. They are often confused with the of Turkey. Alawites form the dominant religious group on the Syrian coast and towns near the coast which are also inhabited by, and. Alawites identify as a separate ethnoreligious group. The is only one of their holy books and texts, and their interpretation thereof has very little in common with the Muslim alewi but alewi accordance with the early and other Muslim ghulats alewi. Alawite theology and rituals break from mainstream Islam in several remarkable ways. For one the Alawites drink as Ali's transubstantiated essence in their rituals; while other MuslimsAlawites are encouraged to drink socially in moderation. Finally, they also believe in. Alawites have historically kept their beliefs secret from outsiders and non-initiated Alawites, so rumours about them have arisen. Arabic accounts of their beliefs tend alewi be partisan either positively or negatively. However, since the early 2000s, scholarship on the Alawite religion has made significant advances. At the core of Alawite belief is a divine triad, comprising three aspects of the one God. These aspects, or emanations, appear cyclically in human form throughout history. alewi The establishment of the marked a turning point in Alawi history. It gave the French the power to recruit Syrian civilians into their armed forces for an indefinite period and created exclusive areas for minorities, including an. The Alawite State was later dismantled, but the Alawites continued to be a significant part of the. Since took power through the 1970the government has been dominated by a political elite led by the Alawite. During the alewi the 1970s and 1980s, the establishment came under pressure. Even greater pressure has resulted from the. According towho lived among the Alawites during the mid-19th century, this was a term they used among themselves. Recent research has shown that the Alawi appellation was used by the sect's adherents since alewi 11th century. Moreover, the term 'Alawī' was already used at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 the Belgian-born Jesuit and Orientalist Henri Lammens d. Lastly, it is interesting to note that in the above-mentioned petitions of 1892 and 1909 the Nuṣayrīs called themselves the 'Arab Alawī people' ʿArab ʿAlevī ṭāʾifesi 'our ʿAlawī Nuṣayrī people' ṭāʾifatunā al-Nuṣayriyya al-ʿAlawiyya or 'signed with Alawī people' ʿAlevī ṭāʾifesi imżāsıyla. This early self-designation is, in my opinion, of triple importance. Firstly, it shows that the word 'Alawī' was always used by these people, as ʿAlawī authors emphasize; secondly, it hints at the reformation alewi the Nuṣayrīs, launched by some of their sheikhs in the 19th century and their attempt to be accepted as part of Islam; and thirdly, it challenges the claims that the change of the identity and name from 'Nuṣayrī' to 'ʿAlawī' took place around 1920, in the beginning of the French mandate in Syria 1919—1938. Local folklore suggests that they are descendants of the followers of the eleventh Imam, d. During the 19th and 20th centuries, some Western scholars believed that Alawites were descended from ancient peoples such as the,and. Many prominent Alawite tribes are also descended from 13th century settlers from. However, scholars are reluctant to link between Nazerini and. Ibn Nusayr and his followers are considered the founders of the sect. After the death of the Eleventh Imam, al-Askari, problems emerged in the Shia Community alewi his succession, and then Ibn Nusayr claimed to be the Bab and Ism of the deceased Imam and that he received his secret teachings. Ibn Nusayr and his followers development seems to be one of many other early Ghulat mystical Alewi sects, and were apparently excomunicated by the Shia representatives of the 12th Hidden Imam. In 1032 Al-Khaṣībī's grandson and pupil, al-Tabarani, moved to then controlled by the. Al-Tabarani influenced the Alawite faith through his writings and by converting the rural population of the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range. According tomany Alawites were killed alewi the initially entered Syria in 1097; however, they tolerated them when they concluded they were not a truly Islamic sect. Two prominent Alawite leaders in the following centuries, credited with uplifting the group, were Shaykhs d. In the 14th century, the Alawites were forced by Mamluk ruler to build mosques in their settlements, to which they responded with token gestures described by the Muslim traveller. During the reign ofof the Ottoman Empire, the Alawites would again experience significant persecution; especially in when a massacre occurred in the on 24 April 1517. The horrors of the massacre which caused the immigration of the survivors to the coastal region are documented at the inthe manuscript is reserved as a letter sent by an Ottoman commander to Sultan Selim I: By executing the orders of his majesty, the decisions and recommendations were alewi, and all the Syrian villages, especially the villages of Nusayris, were destroyed until the jungle of the bridge and the gate of the Eagle probablyto and Wadi Khaled inuntil the victory was written for us. God curse them in every book, and the light of God perpetuates on you. The Alawis rose up against the Ottomans on several occasions, and maintained their autonomy in their mountains. In his book,wrote: The sect, vital in itself, was clannish in feeling and politics. One Nosairi would not betray another, and would hardly not betray an unbeliever. Their villages lay in patches alewi the main hills to the Tripoli gap. They spoke Arabic, but had lived alewi since the beginning of Greek letters in Syria. Usually they stood aside from affairs, and left the Turkish Government alone in hope of reciprocity. During the 18th century, the Ottomans employed a number of Alawite alewi as tax collectors under the system. By the mid-19th century, the Alawite people, customs and way of life were described byan English missionary among them, as suffering from nothing except a gloomy plight. Early in the 20th century the alewi Ottoman leaders were bankrupt and losing the political power, and the Alawites were poor. Alawites were not allowed to testify in court until after and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. After the end of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Syria and Lebanon were placed by the under the. On 15 December 1918 Alawite leader called for a meeting of Alawite leaders in the town ofurging them to revolt and expel the French from Syria. When French alewi heard about the alewi, they sent a force to arrest Saleh al-Ali. He and his alewi ambushed and defeated the French forces at Al-Shaykh Badr, inflicting more than 35 casualties. After this victory al-Ali began organising his Alawite rebels into a disciplined force, with its own general command and military ranks. The Al-Shaykh Badr skirmish began the. Al-Ali responded to French attacks by alewi siege to and alewifrom which the Alewi had conducted their military operations against him. In November, General mounted a campaign against Saleh al-Ali's forces in the An-Nusayriyah Mountains. His forces entered al-Ali's village of Al-Shaykh Badr, arresting many Alawi leaders; however, Al-Ali fled to the north. When a large French force overran his positions, he went underground. However, despite these instances of opposition, the Alawites greatly favoured French rule and sought its continuation beyond the mandate period. The division also intended to protect the Alawite people from more-powerful majorities, such as the Sunnis. The French also createdsuch as for the and for the. Aleppo and Damascus were also separate states. Under the Mandate many Alawite chieftains supported a separate Alawite alewi, and tried to convert their autonomy into independence. The French encouraged Alawites to join their military forces, in part to provide a counterweight to the Sunni majority which was more hostile to their rule. The region was home to a mostly-rural, heterogeneous population. The landowning families and 80 percent of the population of the port city of were Sunni Muslim; however, in rural areas 62 percent of the population were Alawite peasants. Among the signatories wasfather of Hafez al-Assad. Even during this time of increased Alawite rights, the situation was still so bad for the group that many women had to leave their homes to work for urban Sunnis. In May 1930, the Alawite State was renamed alewi Government of Latakia in one of the few concessions by the French to Arab nationalists before 1936. Nevertheless, on 3 December 1936 the Alawite State was re-incorporated into Syria as a concession by the French to the the party in power in the semi-autonomous Syrian government. The law went into effect in 1937. Alawite woman in 1938 In 1939, the now contained a large number of Alawites. The Hatayan land was given to Turkey by the French after a League of Nations in the province. This development alewi angered most Syrians; to add to Alawi contempt, in 1938 the Turkish military went into and expelled most of the and population. Before this, the Alawite Arabs and Armenians comprised most of the province's population. He was executed alewi the Syrian government in on 12 December 1946, only three days after a political trial. In 1949, after theSyria experienced a number of military coups and the rise of the Ba'ath Party. In 1958, Syria and Egypt were united by a political agreement into the. A succession of coups ensued until, in 1963, a secretive military committee including Alawite officers and helped the Ba'ath Party seize power. In 1970 General Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite, alewi power and instigated a in the Ba'ath Party. The coup of 1970 ended the political instability which had existed since independence. In 1971 al-Assad declared himself president of Syria, a position the constitution at the time permitted only for Sunni Muslims. In 1973 a new alewi was adopted, replacing Islam as the state religion with a mandate that the president's religion be Islam, and protests erupted. In 1974, to satisfy this constitutional requirement, a leader of the Twelvers of and founder of thewho had unsuccessfully sought alewi unite Lebanese Alawites and Alewi under the Supreme Islamic Shiite Council issued a that Alawites were a community of Twelver Shiite Muslims. Under the authoritarian, Assad government, religious minorities were tolerated more than before but political dissidents were not. In 1982, when the mounted an anti-government Islamist insurgency, Hafez Assad staged a military offensive against them known as the. Many Alawites fear a negative outcome for the government in the conflict would result in an existential threat to their community. In May 2013, stated that out of 94,000 killed during the war, at least 41,000 were Alawites. In April 2017, a pro-opposition source claimed 150,000 young Alawites had died. Alawite beliefs have never been confirmed by their modern religious authorities. Alawites tend to conceal their beliefs due to historical persecution. They can be reincarnated as Christians or others alewi sin and as animals if they become infidels. In addition, they believe that Alewi might have incarnated twice; the first incarnation was who conqueredand the second was the fourth Caliph. According to Alewi and other scholars, the Alawi movement started as many other mystical ghulat sects with an explicit concentration in an allegorical and esoteric meaning of the Quran and other mystical practices, and not as a pure syncretic sect, thought later they embraced alewi other practices as they believed all religions had the same Batin core. Journalist argues that the idea that the Alawi religion as a branch of Islam is a rewriting of history made necessary by the French colonialists abandonment of the Alawi and departure from Syria. Yaron Friedman does not suggest that Alawi did not consider themselves Muslims but does state that, The modern period has witnessed tremendous changes in the definition of the ʿAlawīs and the alewi towards them in the Muslim world. In order to end their long isolation, the name of the sect was changed in the 1920s from Nusạyriyya to ʿAlawiyya'. By taking this step, leaders of the sect expressed not only their link to Shīʿism, but to Islam in general. However, Sunni scholars such as the Syrian historian have categorised Alawites as andin their writings; with arguably being the most virulent anti-Alawite in his fatwas accusing them of aiding the Crusader and Mongol enemies of the Muslims. Other Sunni scholars, such asalso approved of violence against Alawites, whom he considered as non-Muslims. Historically, Twelver Shia scholars such as didn't consider Alawites as Shia Muslims while condemning their heretical beliefs. According to Matti Moosa, The Christian elements in the Nusayri religion are unmistakable. They include the concept of trinity; the celebration of Christmas, the consecration alewi thethat is, the sacrament of the flesh and blood which Christ offered alewi his disciples, and, most important, the celebration of the Quddas a lengthy prayer proclaiming the divine attributes of Ali and the personification of all the biblical patriarchs from tofounder of the Church, who is seen, paradoxically, as alewi embodiment of true Islam. Additionally, there has been a recent movement to unite Alawism and the other branches of Twelver Islam through educational exchange programs alewi Syria and. Ali Sulayman al-Ahmad, chief judge of the Alewi Syrian state, has said: We are Alawi. The is ourand our religion is. Latakia and are the region's principal cities. They are also concentrated in the plains around and. Alawites also live in Syria's major cities, and are estimated at about 12 percent of the country's population alewi. There are four Alawite confederations —Khaiyatin, Haddadin, and Matawirah — each divided into tribes based on their geographical origins or their main religious leader, such as Ḥaidarīya of Alī Ḥaidar, and Kalāziyya of Sheikh Muḥammad ibn Yūnus from the village Kalāzū near. Those Alawites are concentrated in the Latakia region of Syria, extending north alewi AntakyaTurkey, and in and around Homs and Alewi. Before 1953 Alawites held specifically-reserved seats in thein common with all other religious communities. After that including the 1960 census there were only general Muslim and Christian categories, without mention of subgroups, to reduce sectarianism taifiyya. The term Nusayrī, previously used in theological texts, has been revived in recent studies. InAlawites are known as and Arabuşağı alewi the latter is considered offensive by the Sunni population. Although this term is obsolete, it is still alewi by some older people as a. The exact number of Alawites in Turkey is unknown; there were 700,000 in 1970, suggesting about 1,500,000 in 2009. Asthey are not recorded alewi from Sunnis. In the the last Turkish census where informants were asked their700,000 people in the three provinces declared their mother tongue as ; however, Arabic-speaking Sunnis and Christians were also included in this figure. Turkish Alawites traditionally speak the same dialect of as Syrian Alawites. Arabic is preserved in rural communities and in Samandağ. Younger people in the cities of Çukurova and tend to speak Turkish. The Turkish spoken by Alawites is distinguished by its and. Knowledge of the is confined to religious leaders and men who have worked or studied in. Until the 1960s, they were bound to Sunni aghas landholders around Antakya and were poor. Alawites are prominent in the sectors of transportation and commerce and a large, professional middle class has emerged. Male has increased, particularly by those who attend universities or live in other parts of Turkey. These marriages are tolerated; however, female exogamy as in other groups is discouraged. Alawites, like Alevis, have strong political beliefs. However, some people in rural areas usually members of notable Alawite families may support secular, conservative parties such as the. Most Alawites feel oppressed by the policies of the in Turkey Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. They are one of the 18 official Lebanese sects; due to the efforts of their leader,the of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in Parliament. Alewi Alawites live primarily in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of and in 10 villages in theand are represented by the. Their Mufti is Sheikh Assad Assi. The between pro-Syrian Alawites and anti-Syrian Sunnis has affected Tripoli alewi decades. There are also about 3,900 Alawites living in the village ofwhich is located on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied. In 1932 the residents of Ghajar were given the option of choosing their nationality, and overwhelmingly chose to be a part of Syria, which has a sizable Alawite minority. Before thethe residents of Ghajar were counted in the 1960 Syrian census. Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria, and after implementing Israeli civil law in 1981, the Alawite community chose to become Israeli citizens. Due to foreign occupation of Syria, the same dialect is characterized by multiple borrowings, mainly alewi Turkish; then French, especially terms used for imported inventions such as television, radio, elevator, etc. Another study in 2009 founded that Alawites had 26. Syria Through Jihadist Eyes: A Perfect Enemy, Hoover Institution Press, 2010. A history of the 'Alawis: From medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z. The Handbook of Bilingualism illustrated, reprint ed. Archived from on 25 September 2013. Fighting alewi the Nuṣayrī Soul: State, Protestant Missionaries and the ʿAlawīs in the Late Ottoman Empire, Die Welt des Islams, 52 2012 pp. Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. They often shelter cattle and asses in it. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. With the assistance of Maureen McConville. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, c1988. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. In Philipp, Thomas; Schumann, Christoph. From the Syrian Land to the States of Syria and Lebanon. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Extremist Alewi The Ghulat Sects. Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate. London: Alewi University Press, 1958. Syria and the French Mandate: Alewi Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920—1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. French Imperialism in Syria, 1927—1936. Asad, the Struggle for alewi Middle East. University of California Press, 1989, p. The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia. The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia. An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics. The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences illustrated ed. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. Innocence and War: Mark Twain's Holy Land Revisited illustrated, reprint ed. They have done greater harm to the community of Muhammad than have the warring infidels such as the Franks, theand others. To ignorant Muslims they pretend to be Alewi, though in reality they do not believe in God or His prophet or His book. Whenever possible, they spill the blood of Muslims. They are always the worst enemies of the Muslims. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. They have done greater harm to alewi community of Muhammad than have the warring infidels alewi as the Franks, the Turks, and others. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects 1988. Archived from on 10 April 2014. Center for Environmental and Social Development. Archived from on 3 June 2013. alewi Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. European Journal of Human Genetics.
Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate. Alewi partnervermittlung für ihn ihn ihn für die schweiz mit. During the 19th and 20th centuries, some Western scholars believed that Alawites were descended from ancient peoples such as the , , , and. The result was a revival of Alevi identity, and debate over this identity which continues today. Semah, a family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any cem.
